KAJIAN KRIMINOLOGI KORUPSI DI SEKTOR PUBLIK DI INDONESIA
Main Article Content
Patar Tampubolon
Mompang L. Panggabean
Manotar Tampubolon
This qualitative study investigates the criminology of corruption within Indonesia's public sector, employing the Behavioral Crime Theory, Rational Choice theory, and Social Learning theory as theoretical frameworks. Drawing upon secondary data from reputable sources such as books and journals, the study aims to achieve several objectives: first, to understand the behavioral patterns underlying corrupt activities among public officials; second, to analyze the rational decision-making processes that lead individuals to engage in corrupt practices; and third, to explore the role of social learning mechanisms in perpetuating corrupt behavior within the public sector. The study hypothesizes that the low level of sanctions, coupled with the preference for corruption due to perceived benefits and the inadequate conditions of incarceration, contribute to the persistence of corruption in Indonesia's public sector. Findings indicate a correlation between lenient legal consequences, personal preference for corruption, and the state of correctional facilities, highlighting the need for comprehensive reforms in both legal enforcement and penal institutions. Recommendations include strengthening anti-corruption laws, enhancing penalties for corrupt activities, fostering a culture of integrity through education and awareness, and improving the conditions of imprisonment to serve as a deterrent against corrupt behavior. This research contributes to the understanding of corruption dynamics in the public sector and provides insights for policymakers and law enforcement agencies to combat this pervasive societal issue effectively.
Al Fiqi, A. (2019). Empat Konglomerat RI dalam Pusaran Korupsi, Alinea, 11 Juni.. https://www.alinea.id/nasional/4-konglomerat-ri-dalam-pusaran-kasus-korupsi-b1XhD9k7R
Amalia, K. (2021). Bantuan Likuiditas Bank Indonesia (BLBI): Pengertian dan Peraturannya, IDN Times, https://www.idntimes.com/business/economy/kiki-amalia-6/bantuan-likuiditas-bank-indonesia.
Aminudin. (2018). Saung-saung Mewah di Lapas Sukamiskin Dibongkar Petugas, National Tempo, 24 Juli. https://nasional.tempo.co/read/1110219/saung-saung-mewah-di-lapas-sukamiskin-dibongkar-petugas
Anom Satvika Danta, Wawan Ardiyan Suryawan. (2020). Desain Penjara Koruptor dengan Penerapan Hukuman Sosiologis, Jurnal Sains & Seni ITS, 9(2). https://ejurnal.its.ac.id/index.php/sains_seni/article/view/57255
Antara News. (22 Februari 2024). Rektor Universitas Udayana Divonis Bebas dari Dugaan Korupsi. https://www.antaranews.com/berita/3976914/mantan-rektor-universitas-udayana-divonis-bebas-dari-dugaan-korupsi
Bayu Nugraha, Zendy Pradana. (2024). Keluarga SYL Ikut Menikmati Uang Hasil Korupsi, Viva News, 19 April, https://www.viva.co.id/berita/nasional/1706694-keluarga-syl-terungkap-ikut-nikmati-uang-korupsi-di-kementan-kpk-bilang-begini
Blackburn, K., Neanidis, K.C. & Rana, M.P. (2017). A theory of organized crime, corruption and economic growth. Econ Theory Bull 5, 227–245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40505-017-0116-5
Boisvert, Anne -Marie Lynda, Peter Dent and Ophelie Brunelle Quraishi. (2014) Corruption in Canada: Definitions and Enforcement. Prepared by Deloitte LLP.
Bruinsma, G. (2014). Differential Association Theory. In: Bruinsma, G., Weisburd, D. (eds) Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2_691
Cieslik, M. (2017). Sociological Approaches to Happiness. In: The Happiness Riddle and the Quest for a Good Life. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-31882-4_6.
CNN Indonesia. (2019). Kasus Korupsi, Tiga Pejabat PUPR Divonis Kurungan Penjara. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20190807190809-12-419305/kasus-korupsi-tiga-pejabat-pupr-divonis-kurungan-penjara
Statita, (2024). Corruption Perception Index, Februari. https://www.statista.com/statistics/235841/least-corrupt-countries/
Democracy and the New African Leaders.(1998). Senate Hearing 105-559]. The U.S. Government Publishing Office. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-105shrg48230/html/CHRG-105shrg48230.htm
Engstrom, K. V., & van Ginneken, E. F. J. C. (2022). Ethical Prison Architecture: A Systematic Literature Review of Prison Design Features Related to Wellbeing. Space and Culture, 25(3), 479-503. https://doi.org/10.1177/12063312221104211
Epakartika, E., Murnawan, R. N., & Budiono, A. (2020). Peran Masyarakat Sipil dalam Pemberantasan Korupsi Sektor Sumber Daya Alam. Integritas : Jurnal Antikorupsi, 5(2-2), 93–106. https://doi.org/10.32697/integritas.v5i2-2.485
Felipe Freitas Falconi José Ugaz Juanita Olaya Garcia Yara, Esquivel Soto, Victims of Corruption (n.d), The World Bank, https://star.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/2023-11/Victims-report-05_0.pdf
Giska Salsabella Nur Afifah, & Muh Ilham Bintang. (2020). HUBUNGAN KONSUMTIF DAN HEDONIS TERHADAP INTENSI KORUPSI. Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Humaniora Dan Politik, 1(1), 60–72. https://doi.org/10.38035/jihhp.v1i1.358
Gorsira, M., Denkers, A. & Huisman, W. (2018). Both Sides of the Coin: Motives for Corruption Among Public Officials and Business Employees. J Bus Ethics 151, 179–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3219-2
Headey, B., Muffels, R., & Wooden, M. (2008). Money Does Not Buy Happiness: Or Does It? A Reassessment Based on the Combined Effects of Wealth, Income and Consumption. Social Indicators Research, 87(1), 65–82. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27734646
Hira, A., Murillo, M., Kim, A. (2016). Globalization and Corruption. In: Farazmand, A. (eds) Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_3152-1
Howley, A., Eppley, K., Dudek, M.H. (2016). From Ingenious to Ignorant, From Idyllic to Backwards. In: Williams, J.H., Bokhorst-Heng, W.D. (eds) (Re)Constructing Memory: Textbooks, Identity, Nation, and State. SensePublishers, Rotterdam. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-509-8_5
Indonesia Corruption Watch. (2018). Kasus Bank Centiru-Never Ending Story, 25 April. https://antikorupsi.org/id/article/kasus-bank-century-never-ending-story
Indonesia Corruption Watch (2011). Nazaruddin: Pecundang atau Pahlawan. https://antikorupsi.org/id/article/nazaruddin-pecundang-atau-pahlawan
Indonesia Corruption Watch. (2017). Membongkar Skandal Koruspsi e-KTP. https://antikorupsi.org/id/article/membongkar-skandal-korupsi-e-ktp
Indonesia Corruption Watch. (2020). Trend Vonis Korupsi 2020: Koruptor Merajalela, Hukuman Tak Kunjung Beri Efek Jera. https://antikorupsi.org/sites/default/files/dokumen/Tren%20Vonis%202020.pdf
Indonesia Corruption Watch. (2022). Sudah Korupsi tapi Tidak Dipecat? Bukti Konkret Polri Anti Pemberantasan Korupsi. https://antikorupsi.org/id/sudah-korupsi-tapi-tidak-dipecat-bukti-konkret-polri-anti-pemberantasan-korupsi
Indonesian Corruption Watch (2022). Pasal Korupsi dalam KUHP: Menjauhkan Efek Jera dan Menguntungkan Koruptor. https://antikorupsi.org/id/pasal-korupsi-dalam-kuhp-menjauhkan-efek-jera-dan-menguntungkan-koruptor
Indonesian Corruption Watch. (2010). Ada Mafia Hukum dalam Kasus Gayus. https://antikorupsi.org/id/article/ada-mafia-hukum-dalam-kasus-gayus
Kaplan, H. B., & Lin, C. H. (2005). Deviant identity, negative self-feelings, and decreases in deviant behavior: The moderating influence of conventional social bonding. Psychology, Crime & Law, 11(3), 289–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/10683160412331294817
Kencana, M., R., B. (2021). Sejarah Panjang BLBI yang Rugikan Negara hingga Ratusan Triliun Rupiah, Liputan6. https://www.liputan6.com/bisnis/read/4642590/sejarah-panjang-blbi-yang-rugikan-negara-hingga-ratusan-triliun-rupiah
Lim, A. (2023). Jacinda Ardern: The legacy of a leader in New Zealand and beyond, Voices January 30. https://www.bsg.ox.ac.uk/blog/jacinda-ardern-legacy-leader-new-zealand-and-beyond
Lodge, M. & Wegrich, K.. (2022). Managing Regulation: Regulatory Analysis, Politics and Policy (The Public Management and Leadership Series, 12) 2012th Edition
Mahsun. (.n.d). Pengertian dan Ruang Lingkup Organisasi Sektor Publik. Modul Kuliah, Universitas Terbuka. https://pustaka.ut.ac.id/lib/wp-content/uploads/pdfmk/EKAP4404-M1.pdf
McCharty Nial, (2024). Key Findings From The 2023 Corruption Perceptions Index, EQS. https://www.eqs.com/compliance-blog/corruption-perceptions-index/
McGuire, M. C. (1998). The Security Factor in The Political Economy of Development. IMF Working Papers, 1998(033), A001. Retrieved Apr 22, 2024, from https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451979381.001.A001
Muhamad Raihan, (2024). Stagnant Corruption Perception Index, Evidence of the Dilapidation of Corruption Eradication in Indonesia, The Geopolitics, February 29. https://thegeopolitics.com/stagnant-corruption-perception-index-evidence-of-the-dilapidation-of-corruption-eradication-in-indonesia/
Nickerson, C. (2023). Merton’s Strain Theory Of Deviance And Anomie In Sociology, SimplyPshycology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/mertons-strain-theory-deviance.html
Orudzheva, Leyla and Salimath, Manjula S. (2019). Corporate Corruption Recidivism: A Multi-Case Exploration, Academy of Management, Proceedings. https://journals.aom.org/doi/10.5465/AMBPP.2019.13026abstract
Pane, G., & Haryanto, H. (2023). Pengaruh E-Government, Gaji dan Tunjangan PNS dan Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Sebagai Probabilitas Terjadinya Korupsi di Indonesia . Diponegoro Journal of Accounting, 12(2). Retrieved from https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/accounting/article/view/38636
Pratiwi, F.S. (2023). Daftar 56 Caleg Mantan Koruptor Dalam DCT Pemilu 2024, Data Indonesia. https://dataindonesia.id/data-pemilu/detail/daftar-56-caleg-mantan-koruptor-dalam-dct-pemilu-2024.
Prawira, A. (2019). Tiga Pejabat Indonesia Dikenal Jujur dan Sederhana Sepanjang Masa, Sindo News 10 November. https://nasional.sindonews.com/berita/1460022/15/tiga-pejabat-indonesia-dikenal-jujur-dan-sederhana-sepanjang-masa
Pusat Edukasi Anti Korupsi, (2023). Ini Alasan Mengapa Korupsi Disebut Kejahatan Luar Biasa, Februari. https://aclc.kpk.go.id/aksi-informasi/Eksplorasi/20230209-ini-alasan-mengapa-korupsi-disebut-kejahatan-luar-biasa.
Pusat Edukasi Anti Korupsi. (2022). Kenapa Masih Banyak yang Korupsi? Ini Penyebabnya. https://aclc.kpk.go.id/aksi-informasi/Eksplorasi/20220407-kenapa-masih-banyak-yang-korupsi-ini-penyebabnya
Pusat Edukasi Anti Korupsi. (2023). Ciri-Ciri dan Indikator Penyebab Korupsi. https://aclc.kpk.go.id/aksi-informasi/Eksplorasi/20230803-ciri-ciri-dan-indikator-penyebab-korupsi
Puspita. R. (2021). Pencabutan Hak Memilih dan Dipilih Terhadap Narapidana Tindak Pidana Korupsi Dalam Jabatan Publi, Dharmasisya Jurnal Program Magister Hukum FHUI: 1(37). https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/dharmasisya/vol1/iss2/37
Putra, N.N. (2023). KUHP Baru Posisikan Delik Korupsi Bukan Lagi Extraordinary Crime. Bagaimana Nasib Pemberantasan Korupsi? Badan Pembinaan Hukum Nasional, 13 Maret. https://bphn.go.id/publikasi/berita/2023031303314411/kuhp-baru-posisikan-delik-korupsi-bukan-lagi-extraordinary-crime-bagaimana-nasib-pemberantasan-korupsi
Rafsanjani, J., Prasetio, R., & Anggayudha, Z. (2023). The Existence of Community Service Punishment in a Progressive Legal Perspective. Jurnal Penelitian Hukum De Jure, 23(2), 219-230. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.30641/dejure.2023.V23.219-230
Ramadhan, Choky R. (2023). Using rational choice theory to understand corruption in Indonesia, Integritas: Jurnal Antikorupsi, 9(2), 171-182.. https://jurnal.kpk.go.id/index.php/integritas
Robert Agnew, (1985). A Revised Strain Theory of Delinquency, Social Forces, 64, (1), September, 151–167, https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/64.1.151
Robert J. Sampson & L. Ash Smith. (2021). Rethinking Criminal Propensity and Character: Cohort Inequalities and the Power of Social Change, Crime and Justice, 50(1), 13-76. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/epdf/10.1086/716005
Safarovich, Mamatqulov E. (2020). Formation of the Concept of Hedonism and Its Representation. JournalNX, Proceedings of Online International Conference on Innovative Solutions and Advanced Research. https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/336093-formation-of-the-concept-of-hedonism-and-1d00921a.pdf.
Sanjaya, A. P., & Trifena, I. (2023). The role of education in curbing corruption: A comparison of Indonesia and Hong Kong. Integritas : Jurnal Antikorupsi, 9(2), 241–256. https://doi.org/10.32697/integritas.v9i2.992
Satria, H. S. (2021). Kebijakan Kriminal Pencegahan Korupsi Pelayanan Publik. Integritas : Jurnal Antikorupsi, 6(2), 169–186. https://doi.org/10.32697/integritas.v6i2.660
Sheridan, C, (2016). Foucault, Power and the Modern Panopticon, Senior Theses, Trinity College, Hartford, Trinity College Digital Repository, https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/theses/548
Sianturi, S.R & Panggabean, M.L. (1996). Hukum Penitensier di Indonesia, Alumni Ahaem Petehaem, Jakarta
Spicer, M. W. (1993). On Friedrich Hayek and public administration: an argument for discretion within rules, Gale Academic Onefile. https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA13840216&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=00953997&p=AONE&sw=w&userGroupName=anon%7Efb6a9e6d&aty=open-web-entry
Suparman. (2020). Bureaucratic Corruptive Behavior: Causes And Motivation of State Civil Aparatures in Indonesia, International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 24(4), 5290-5303.. https://etheses.uinsgd.ac.id/31332/1/IJPR_nang.pdf
Suryanto (2015). Kontroversi Gayus Tambunan: Hobi Pelesir Saat Dipenjara. CNN Indonesia, 21 September. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20150921104505-12-79976/kontroversi-gayus-tambunan-hobi-pelesir-saat-dipenjara
Tampubolon, M., Simanjuntak, N., Silalahi, F. (2023). Birokrasi & Good Governance. Padang: PT. Global Eksekutif Teknologi.
The Black Law Dictionary. (n.d). CORRUPTION Definition & Legal Meaning. https://thelawdictionary.org/corruption/
The World Bank. (2020). Anticorruption Fact Sheet. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/factsheet/2020/02/19/anticorruption-fact-sheet
Theobald, R. (1990). What is Corruption?. In: Corruption, Development and Underdevelopment. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20430-4_1
Toates, F. (2012). Operant Behavior. In: Seel, N.M. (eds) Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1428-6_992
Tranparency International, (2024). Country Data: Indonesia. https://www.transparency.org/en/countries/indonesia
Transparency International Indonesia, (2024). Corruption Perception Index 2023: Pemberantasan Korupsi Kembali ke Titik Nol. https://ti.or.id/corruption-perceptions-index-2023/
Transparency International, (2024). Corruption Perception Index 2023, https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2023
Undang-Undang No. 7 Tahun 2006 tentang Ratifikasi Konvensi Anti Korupsi UNCAC 2003.
Whalan, R. (2021). Angela Merkel: How a poor girl from East Germany rose to become the 'Empress of Europe', ABC News. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-09-24/empress-of-europe-angela-merkel-legacy-in-germany/100465618
White-Collar Crime dan Pola-pola yang Menyertainya, Maret (2024). https://aclc.kpk.go.id/aksi-informasi/Eksplorasi/20240326-white-collar-crime-dan-pola-pola-yang-menyertainya.
Wolak, A.J. (2015). Australian and Canadian Managerial Culture: A Summary. In: The Development of Managerial Culture. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137475633_8
World Population Review, (2024). Most Corrupt Countries 2024. https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-corrupt-countries
Yogi Prabowo, H. (2014), "To be corrupt or not to be corrupt: Understanding the behavioral side of corruption in Indonesia", Journal of Money Laundering Control, Vol. 17 No. 3, pp. 306-326. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-11-2013-0045
